Técnicas de lectura: predicción, scanning y skimming
• Seleccione un texto que tenga una imagen.
• Observe la imagen y conteste las siguientes preguntas.
• De acuerdo al título y la imagen: ¿cuál cree usted que es el tópico que está a punto de leer?
El tópico del articulo es dar a conocer la vida de Mandela.
• ¿Cuál es la idea general del texto?
Resaltar los hechos por los cuales gano el premio Nobel a la Paz en el año 1993.
• ¿Que palabras se repiten?
Arrested, sentenced, prison, resistance.
• ¿Que palabras se parecen al español?
Arrested, resistance, prison, educated, congress, formation, considerable, publicity, significant, decades.
• ¿Cuales son las palabras en negrita, el titulo, subtitulo o gráficos que te ayudan a entender el texto?
El titulo me ayudo a entender rápidamente el texto. (The Nobel Peace Prize 1993 Nelson Mandela, F.W. de Klerk)
• ¿De qué trata el texto? Lee el primer párrafo y el último o la ultimas ideas del último párrafo.
El texto describe la vida de Nelson Mandela, líder de la resistencia Sudafricana contra el Apartheid.
The Nobel Peace Prize 1993
Nelson Mandela, F.W. de Klerk
Nelson Rolihlahla Mandela was born in Transkei, South Africa on July 18, 1918. His father was Chief Henry Mandela of the Tembu Tribe. Mandela himself was educated at University College of Fort Hare and the University of Witwatersrand and qualified in law in 1942. He joined the African National Congress in 1944 and was engaged in resistance against the ruling National Party's apartheid policies after 1948. He went on trial for treason in 1956-1961 and was acquitted in 1961.
After the banning of the ANC in 1960, Nelson Mandela argued for the setting up of a military wing within the ANC. In June 1961, the ANC executive considered his proposal on the use of violent tactics and agreed that those members who wished to involve themselves in Mandela's campaign would not be stopped from doing so by the ANC. This led to the formation of Umkhonto we Sizwe. Mandela was arrested in 1962 and sentenced to five years' imprisonment with hard labour. In 1963, when many fellow leaders of the ANC and the Umkhonto we Sizwe were arrested, Mandela was brought to stand trial with them for plotting to overthrow the government by violence. His statement from the dock received considerable international publicity. On June 12, 1964, eight of the accused, including Mandela, were sentenced to life imprisonment. From 1964 to 1982, he was incarcerated at Robben Island Prison, off Cape Town; thereafter, he was at Pollsmoor Prison, nearby on the mainland.
During his years in prison, Nelson Mandela's reputation grew steadily. He was widely accepted as the most significant black leader in South Africa and became a potent symbol of resistance as the anti-apartheid movement gathered strength. He consistently refused to compromise his political position to obtain his freedom.
Nelson Mandela was released on February 11, 1990. After his release, he plunged himself wholeheartedly into his life's work, striving to attain the goals he and others had set out almost four decades earlier. In 1991, at the first national conference of the ANC held inside South Africa after the organization had been banned in 1960, Mandela was elected President of the ANC while his lifelong friend and colleague, Oliver Tambo, became the organisation's National Chairperson.
Unidad 4
PATRONES DE ORGANIZACIÓN DE UN PARRAFO.
A. Seleccione un texto relacionado con su área de experticia. Lea el texto y extraiga:
· Las definiciones
· Los marcadores de definición.
Used Motor Oil Pans Out to Be Reusable
Every dipstick knows an oil change every few thousand miles is a routine way of prolonging the engine life on your car or truck. But doing so produces an estimated 8 billion gallons of used motor oil. Though some of it can be re-refined into new oil or burned in furnaces for heat, often the used oil is simply thrown away.
In a nod to practicing better environmental maintenance, researchers at the University of Cambridge in the United Kingdom recently announced development of a process that uses microwaves to more thoroughly covert waste crankcase oil into vehicle fuel.
BLOG: New Tech Could Revolutionize Recycling
“Transforming used motor oil into gasoline can help solve two problems at once,” said study leader Howard Chase, Professor of Biochemical Engineering at the University of Cambridge. “It provides a new use for a waste material that’s too-often disposed of improperly, with harm to the environment. In addition, it provides a supplemental fuel source for an energy-hungry world.”
DNEWS VIDEO: IS IT FUTURE YET? HYDROGEN CARS
Along with doctoral students Su Shiung Lam and Alan Russel, Chase presented his findings at a meeting of the American Chemical Society
A process known as pyrolysis already exists for recycling oil that involves heating it to a high temperature in the absence of oxygen. Pyrolysis breaks down the oil into a mixture of gases, liquids and solids. The gases and liquids can be converted into gasoline or diesel fuel, though not very easily. Current methods of pyrolysis heat the oil unevenly, causing the fuel conversion to be difficult and inefficient.
In their new method of pyrolysis, researchers combined samples of waste oil with a highly microwave-absorbent material and then heated the mixture with microwaves. This new, more efficient process converted nearly 90 percent of the waste oil sample into usable fuel.
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“Our results indicate that a microwave-heated process shows exceptional promise as a means for recycling problematic waste oil for use as fuel,” Chase and Lam said. “The recovery of valuable oils using this process shows advantage over traditional processes for oil recycling and suggests excellent potential for scaling the process to the commercial level.”
B. Seleccione otro texto relacionado con su área de experticia y extraiga las palabras de secuencia u ordenamiento del tiempo.
· Marcadores de Tiempo
Shell to Start Drilling at Iraq Majnoon Oil Field in July
Thursday, March 31, 2011
Shell along with its partners, Malaysia's Petronas and the Iraqi state Missan Oil Co., will start drilling the first new well in the super-giant Majnoon oil field in July, a company executive said Thursday.
"Shell is targeting July 2011 to spud the first well," Ole Myklestad, managing director of Shell in Iraq told reporters in Basra.
Between 15 and 20 wells will be drilled in Majnoon oil field in southern Iraq and some 27 others will be refurbished to bring output to 175,000 barrels a day by the end of next year from the current 60,000 barrels a day, Myklestad said. The new wells and the refurbish work is part of an early production plan. The well drilling is part of a contract Shell and its partners signed with U.S. service giant Halliburton and the state-run Iraqi Drilling Co. last year.
The executive also said that Shell has opened a new office in Basra to manage its projects in Iraq. The office is to make sure that "we have the human resources and all the supports required by an international company in Basra."
Myklestad said that there are some 300 Iraqis working on the Majnoon project and they are from the state-run South Oil Co. Some 50 Shell expatriate personnel are also working on the project, he said.
Shell and Petronas won the right to develop Majnoon oil field, located in Basra governorate in southern Iraq, at an auction held in Baghdad December 2009. Shells owns 45% of the venture and Petronas 30%, with Iraq's Missan Oil Co. the remaining 25%.
Shell also will start constructing a 75 kilometer pipeline to connect Majnoon with the crude oil depots in Faw, as a stop before shipping the crude into vessels in the Gulf. Myklestad said that Shell and its partner would provide the finance for building the pipeline. The Anglo-Dutch giant is also planning to commence a seismic survey but after clearing mines left from the 1980-88 Iraq-Iran war. "We want to get results of a seismic survey in the next two years," he said.
· Idea General del Parrafo:
La idea principal del mismo es dar a conocer que la compañía Shell empezara a realizar operaciones de perforación en el campo petrolero de Majnoon, situado en Iraq, pero Shell no trabajara sola, lo hará en conjunto con otras compañías asociadas tales como Petronas de Malasia y State Missan Oil de Iraq.
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