Escribe una entrada final donde reflexiones sobre los aspectos de tu curso que te ayudaron a caminar esta aventura con éxito. incluye los siguientes aspectos:
1. Clases en el salón y clases en el laboratorio
2. Materiales: presentaciones PPP, diccionarios, teléfono, computadoras
3. Compañeros de clase
4. Uso del blog como cuaderno digital
5. ¿Puedes enfrentar un texto en ingles sin miedo?
6. ¿vas a continuar leyendo textos en ingles?
7. ¿qué sugieres para los próximos cursos?
De mi parte queda decir que fue una experiencia bastante gratificante haber realizado este curso, al principio no entendí el porqué del uso de herramientas como el Blog, ya que nunca antes había utilizado esta herramienta, pero al darme cuenta de la gran utilidad que este posee pienso que seguiré utilizándolo. También veo de manera positiva el uso de herramientas para el mejor entendimiento del idioma como son el diccionario, los teléfonos celulares y las computadoras, estamos en un mundo que vive y respira tecnología.
De igual forma, tengo que resaltar otro aspecto, como son los excelentes compañeros que he conocido durante la realización de este curso, son personas atentas y que siempre saben dar la mano en los momentos en que se necesita de ayuda, a todos gracias.
Por último debo decir que anteriormente he realizado cursos de ingles, pero me pareció que esta fue una buena oportunidad para refrescar conocimientos ya adquiridos en el pasado. Las técnicas de aprendizaje aplicadas durante este curso fueron de gran ayuda para la comprensión de cada unidad.
UNIDAD IV (ACTIVIDAD REALIZADA EN CLASES)
El siguiente trabajo fue realizado en equipo, en compañia de los compañeros, Lenmar Badell, Rafael Riera, Alejandro Castro y Carlos Martinez.
Metals
Marcadores de definición:A metal is a chemical element that is a good conductor of both electricity and heat and forms cations and ionic bonds with non-metals.
In chemistry, a metal (from Greek "μέταλλον" – métallon, "mine"[1]) is an element, compound, or alloy characterized by high electrical conductivity. In a metal, atoms readily lose electrons to form positive ions (cations). Those ions are surrounded by delocalized electrons, which are responsible for the conductivity. The solid thus produced is held by electrostatic interactions between the ions and the electron cloud, which are called metallic bonds.[2]
Definition
Metals are sometimes described as an arrangement of positive ions surrounded by a sea of delocalized electrons. They are one of the three groups of elements as distinguished by their ionization and bonding properties, along with the metalloids and non-metals.
Metals occupy the bulk of the periodic table, while non-metallic elements can only be found on the right-hand-side of the Periodic Table of the Elements. A diagonal line, drawn from boron (B) to polonium (Po), separates the metals from the nonmetals. Most elements on this line are metalloids, sometimes called semiconductors. This is because these elements exhibit electrical properties common to both conductors and insulators. Elements to the lower left of this division line are called metals, while elements to the upper right of the division line are called nonmetals.
An alternative definition of metal refers to the band theory. If one fills the energy bands of a material with available electrons and ends up with a top band partly filled then the material is a metal. This definition opens up the category for metallic polymers and other organic metals, which have been made by researchers and employed in high-tech devices. These synthetic materials often have the characteristic silvery gray reflectiveness (luster) of elemental metals.
Using Metals in Astronomy
In the specialized usage of astronomy and astrophysics, the term "metal" is often used to refer collectively to all elements other than hydrogen or helium, including substances as chemically non-metallic as neon, fluorine, and oxygen. Nearly all the hydrogen and helium in the Universe was created in Big Bang nucleosynthesis, whereas all the "metals" were produced by nucleosynthesis in stars or supernovae. The Sun and the Milky Way Galaxy are composed of roughly 74% hydrogen, 24% helium, and 2% "metals" (the rest of the elements; atomic numbers 3–118) by mass.[3]
The concept of a metal in the usual chemical sense is irrelevant in stars, as the chemical bonds that give elements their properties cannot exist at stellar temperatures.
• Palabras de definicion: is, are, discribed as, this is, refers to, is a, was.
• Idea principal del texto:
El texto explica la deficion de los metales, se muestran sus elementos y como esta compuesta esa aleacion, asi como tambien el uso quese le puede dar en la astronomia.
• Marcadores de tiempo:
HISTORY OF MOBILE PHONES
An evolution of mobile phones
Radiophones have a long and varied history going back to Reginald Fessenden's invention and shore-to-ship demonstration of radio telephony, through the Second World War with military use of radio telephony links and civil services in the 1950s.
The first mobile telephone call made from a car occurred in St. Louis, Missouri, USA on June 17, 1946, using the Bell System's Mobile Telephone Service, but the system was impractical from what is considered a portable handset today. The equipment weighed 80 pounds (36 kg), and the AT&T service, basically a massive party line, cost $30 USD per month (equal to $337.33 today) plus $.30 to $.40 per local call, equal to $3.37 to $4.5 today. In 1960, the world’s first partly automatic car phone system, Mobile System A (MTA), was launched in Sweden. MTA phones were composed of vacuum tubes and relays, and had a weight of 40 kg. In 1962, a more modern version called Mobile System B (MTB) was launched, which was a push-button telephone, and which used transistors in order to enhance the telephone’s calling capacity and improve its operational reliability. In 1971, the MTD version was launched, opening for several different brands of equipment and gaining commercial success.
Martin Cooper, a Motorola researcher and executive is considered to be the inventor of the first practical mobile phone for handheld use in a non-vehicle setting, after a long race against Bell Labs for the first portable mobile phone. Using a modern, if somewhat heavy portable handset, Cooper made the first call on a handheld mobile phone on April 3, 1973 to his rival, Dr. Joel S. Engel of Bell Labs.[7]
The first commercially automated cellular network (the 1G generation) was launched in Japan by NTT in 1979, initially in the metropolitan area of Tokyo. Within five years, the NTT network had been expanded to cover the whole population of Japan and became the first nationwide 1G network. In 1981, this was followed by the simultaneous launch of the Nordic Mobile Telephone (NMT) system in Denmark, Finland, Norway and Sweden. In 2001, the first commercial launch of 3G (Third Generation) was again in Japan by NTT DoCoMo on the WCDMA standard.
Mobile phones generally obtain power from rechargeable batteries. There are a variety of ways used to charge cell phones, including USB, portable batteries, mains power (using an AC adapter), cigarette lighters (using an adapter), or a dynamo. In 2009, the first wireless charger was released for consumer use.
On 17 February 2009, the GSM Association (GSMA), together with 17 mobile phone manufacturers and providers, announced[16] their commitment to implementing a cross-industry standard for a universal charging solution for new mobile phones.
In October 2009, the International Telecommunication Union (ITU) announced that it had also embraced the Universal Charging Solution standard - based on the OMTP specifications promoted by the GSMA - as its "energy-efficient one-charger-fits-all new mobile phone solution," and added: "Based on the Micro-USB interface, UCS chargers will also include a 4-star or higher efficiency rating — up to three times more energy-efficient than an unrated charger."[19] In 2009, many mobile phone manufacturers signed a Memorandum of Understanding (MoU), agreeing to make most new data-enabled cell phones marketed in the EU compatible with a common External Power Supply (EPS). In 2006, the People's Republic of China issued a standard for mobile device power supplies (based on a 5V Power Supply with a USB-A receptacle and a detachable cable). The 2006 regulation is flexible regarding the interface on the mobile phone itself, allowing for the use of adapter cables if the mobile device is not equipped with a standard USB connector.[23] The standard was revised in December, 2009 (CCSA YD/T 1591-2006 updated to YD/T 1591-2009).
Técnicas de lectura: predicción, scanning y skimming
• Seleccione un texto que tenga una imagen.
• Observe la imagen y conteste las siguientes preguntas.
• De acuerdo al título y la imagen: ¿cuál cree usted que es el tópico que está a punto de leer?
El tópico del articulo es dar a conocer la vida de Mandela.
• ¿Cuál es la idea general del texto?
Resaltar los hechos por los cuales gano el premio Nobel a la Paz en el año 1993.
• ¿Que palabras se repiten?
Arrested, sentenced, prison, resistance.
• ¿Que palabras se parecen al español?
Arrested, resistance, prison, educated, congress, formation, considerable, publicity, significant, decades.
• ¿Cuales son las palabras en negrita, el titulo, subtitulo o gráficos que te ayudan a entender el texto?
El titulo me ayudo a entender rápidamente el texto. (The Nobel Peace Prize 1993 Nelson Mandela, F.W. de Klerk)
• ¿De qué trata el texto? Lee el primer párrafo y el último o la ultimas ideas del último párrafo.
El texto describe la vida de Nelson Mandela, líder de la resistencia Sudafricana contra el Apartheid.
The Nobel Peace Prize 1993
Nelson Mandela, F.W. de Klerk
Nelson Rolihlahla Mandela was born in Transkei, South Africa on July 18, 1918. His father was Chief Henry Mandela of the Tembu Tribe. Mandela himself was educated at University College of Fort Hare and the University of Witwatersrand and qualified in law in 1942. He joined the African National Congress in 1944 and was engaged in resistance against the ruling National Party's apartheid policies after 1948. He went on trial for treason in 1956-1961 and was acquitted in 1961.
After the banning of the ANC in 1960, Nelson Mandela argued for the setting up of a military wing within the ANC. In June 1961, the ANC executive considered his proposal on the use of violent tactics and agreed that those members who wished to involve themselves in Mandela's campaign would not be stopped from doing so by the ANC. This led to the formation of Umkhonto we Sizwe. Mandela was arrested in 1962 and sentenced to five years' imprisonment with hard labour. In 1963, when many fellow leaders of the ANC and the Umkhonto we Sizwe were arrested, Mandela was brought to stand trial with them for plotting to overthrow the government by violence. His statement from the dock received considerable international publicity. On June 12, 1964, eight of the accused, including Mandela, were sentenced to life imprisonment. From 1964 to 1982, he was incarcerated at Robben Island Prison, off Cape Town; thereafter, he was at Pollsmoor Prison, nearby on the mainland.
During his years in prison, Nelson Mandela's reputation grew steadily. He was widely accepted as the most significant black leader in South Africa and became a potent symbol of resistance as the anti-apartheid movement gathered strength. He consistently refused to compromise his political position to obtain his freedom.
Nelson Mandela was released on February 11, 1990. After his release, he plunged himself wholeheartedly into his life's work, striving to attain the goals he and others had set out almost four decades earlier. In 1991, at the first national conference of the ANC held inside South Africa after the organization had been banned in 1960, Mandela was elected President of the ANC while his lifelong friend and colleague, Oliver Tambo, became the organisation's National Chairperson.
Unidad 4
PATRONES DE ORGANIZACIÓN DE UN PARRAFO.
A. Seleccione un texto relacionado con su área de experticia. Lea el texto y extraiga:
·Las definiciones
·Los marcadores de definición.
Used Motor Oil Pans Out to Be Reusable
Every dipstick knows an oil change every few thousand miles is a routine way of prolonging the engine life on your car or truck. But doing so produces an estimated 8 billion gallons of used motor oil. Though some of it can be re-refined into new oil or burned in furnaces for heat, often the used oil is simply thrown away.
In a nod to practicing better environmental maintenance, researchers at the University of Cambridge in the United Kingdom recently announced development of a process that uses microwaves to more thoroughly covert waste crankcase oil into vehicle fuel.
BLOG: New Tech Could Revolutionize Recycling
“Transforming used motor oil into gasoline can help solve two problems at once,” said study leader Howard Chase, Professor of Biochemical Engineering at the University of Cambridge. “It provides a new use for a waste material that’s too-often disposed of improperly, with harm to the environment. In addition, it provides a supplemental fuel source for an energy-hungry world.”
DNEWS VIDEO: IS IT FUTURE YET? HYDROGEN CARS
Along with doctoral students Su Shiung Lam and Alan Russel, Chase presented his findings at a meeting of the American Chemical Society
A process known as pyrolysis already exists for recycling oil that involves heating it to a high temperature in the absence of oxygen. Pyrolysis breaks down the oil into a mixture of gases, liquids and solids. The gases and liquids can be converted into gasoline or diesel fuel, though not very easily. Current methods of pyrolysis heat the oil unevenly, causing the fuel conversion to be difficult and inefficient.
In their new method of pyrolysis, researchers combined samples of waste oil with a highly microwave-absorbent material and then heated the mixture with microwaves. This new, more efficient process converted nearly 90 percent of the waste oil sample into usable fuel.
TOP 3: Reasons Why a Ban on E-Waste Exports is Wrong
“Our results indicate that a microwave-heated process shows exceptional promise as a means for recycling problematic waste oil for use as fuel,” Chase and Lam said. “The recovery of valuable oils using this process shows advantage over traditional processes for oil recycling and suggests excellent potential for scaling the process to the commercial level.”
B. Seleccione otro texto relacionado con su área de experticia y extraiga las palabras de secuencia u ordenamiento del tiempo.
·Marcadores de Tiempo
Shell to Start Drilling at Iraq Majnoon Oil Field in July
Thursday, March 31, 2011
Shell along with its partners, Malaysia's Petronas and the Iraqi state Missan Oil Co., will start drilling the first new well in the super-giant Majnoon oil field in July, a company executive said Thursday.
"Shell is targeting July 2011 to spud the first well," Ole Myklestad, managing director of Shell in Iraq told reporters in Basra.
Between 15 and 20 wells will be drilled in Majnoon oil field in southern Iraq and some 27 others will be refurbished to bring output to 175,000 barrels a day by theendof next year from the current 60,000 barrels a day, Myklestad said. The new wells and the refurbish work is part of an early production plan. The well drilling is part of a contract Shell and its partners signed with U.S. service giant Halliburton and the state-run Iraqi Drilling Co. last year.
The executive also said that Shell has opened a new office in Basra to manage its projects in Iraq. The office is to make sure that "we have the human resources and all the supports required by an international company in Basra."
Myklestad said that there are some 300 Iraqis working on the Majnoon project and they are from the state-run South Oil Co. Some 50 Shell expatriate personnel are also working on the project, he said.
Shell and Petronas won the right to develop Majnoon oil field, located in Basra governorate in southern Iraq, at an auction held in Baghdad December 2009. Shells owns 45% of the venture and Petronas 30%, with Iraq's Missan Oil Co. the remaining 25%.
Shell also will start constructing a 75 kilometer pipeline to connect Majnoon with the crude oil depots in Faw, as a stop before shipping the crude into vessels in the Gulf. Myklestad said that Shell and its partner would provide the finance for building the pipeline. The Anglo-Dutch giant is also planning to commence a seismic survey but after clearing mines left from the 1980-88 Iraq-Iran war. "We want to get results of a seismic survey in the next two years," he said.
·Idea General del Parrafo:
La idea principal del mismo es dar a conocer que la compañía Shell empezara a realizar operaciones de perforación en el campo petrolero de Majnoon, situado en Iraq, pero Shell no trabajara sola, lo hará en conjunto con otras compañías asociadas tales como Petronas de Malasia y State Missan Oil de Iraq.
